semantics task

STRUCTURED TASK 1

1.      Semantics is a branch of linguistic that is dealing with meanings or the study of meaning. It has the same importance in learning of a language

2.      Meaning can be classified in two types of classifications, they are:

A.    based in the units of language that can carry meaning.

1)      Word meaning (meaning carried by a word)

   Example: mate means friend (in dictionary)

2)      Sentence meaning (meaning carried by sentence)

Example: That boy read a book. (Noun phrase “that boy” serves as an agent of the  verbs “read” ).

3)      Utterance meaning (meaning of an utterance)

Example: John gets the best score in the final semester examination. His parents

are glad to hear that.( the word “that” carries the meaning of the previous utterance).

B.      Based on the pattern or arrangements of linguistic unit

1)      Lexical meaning (the meaning of the words themselves, as stated in dictionary.

     Example; “eyes” means part of body which is used to see.

2)      Grammatical meaning (generally refer to the relations between words and the things words denote.

                 Example; They live in the remote area. (As verbs, live means stay in a place)

                         This evening, there will be a live match between Dutch and Portugal.

                         (As adjective live means, being recorded or watched when it’s happening).

3)       Linguistic meaning (the combinations between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning).

          Example: he is a clever boy. (Clever has denotation meaning that he is really

          Clever, and clever means having ability to learn something quickly and easily).

3.      Because linguistics thought that meanings were usually related with dictionaries. Therefore it is not necessary to learn about the meanings.

4.      Linguists classify the branches of linguistics into phonetics, phonemics, those of which are related to the study of the structure of the language. Meaning is considered included in the structure of the language and get a little worth of study. Which is an important part of language was never or rarely considered worth study.

5.       

A. a) bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope        =  the callof the human male or man, adult male  human being.

     b)  Bull, rooster, drake, ram                         =  the call of the animal male.

Ø  They are parts of male

B. a) table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car      =   countable noun.

     b) Milk, alcohol, rice, soup, mud                           =   non-countable noun.

Ø  They are parts of noun

C. a) book,temple,mountain,road,tractor                    = concrete things

     b) idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear              = abstract thing

Ø  They are parts of things

D. a) walk,run,skip,jump,hop,swim                            = intransitive verb

     b) fly,skate,ski,ride,cycle,canoe,hang,glide           = transitiveverb

Ø  They are parts of verb

E. a) alive,asleep,dead,married,pregnant                    = non-gradable adjectives.

     b) tall,smart,interesting,bad,tired                           = gradable adjectives

Ø  They are parts of adjectives

STRUCTURED TASK 2

1.      -  Lexical Semantic: concerned with the relationships among meanings of words.

Example: Woman means pretty, girl, or her (in dictionary)

2.      –word meaning can be classified into six classifications:

a. hyponymy ex: rose, jasmine, kantil are the hyponymy of flower

b. part/whole relationship : windows, doors, walls are part of house

c. synonymy    : happy, delighted, pleased

d. Antonymy   : large x small, father x mother

e. polysemy and homonymy   : plain mean easy or clear, bank mean river and institutional

f. metaphorical            : time is money

           

3.      Different:

Hyponymy	Part/whole relationship
a word or phrase whose semantic field	Have very specific meaning and use typically denoting sole ownership over a set of object instances as well as certain copy, update, and delete semantics.
the semantic relation in which one word is the hyponymy of another	Reflect construction of larger entities out of smaller ones. These uses of the term are parallel to each other but not identical.
It can be said “kind” of word	Part of  word

Example

·         Hyponym        : Flower : rose, jasmine, tulip

·         Part/whole relationship: A “leaf” is a part of “plant”

4.      Antonym

a.       Comlimentary antonym            : pass – fail, legal – illegal

b.      Gradable antonym                    : good – bad, rude – polite

c.       Relational antonym                 :husband – wife, asleep – awake

5.      1. Acquire, buy, collect, win, steal, board, inherit

a.       The word that does not belong to the lexical field is board. Others are belong to the lexical field. Those mean get something.

      2. Whisper, talk, narrate, report, tell, instruct, brief, scribble

a.       The word that does not belong to the lexical field is scribble. Others are belonging to the lexical field. Those mean produce a voice.

3.      Road, path, barn, way, street, freeway, avenue, thoroughfare, interstate, method.

a.       The word that does not belong to the lexical field is path and method. All of the words have meaning the place to pass.

STRUCTURED TASK 3

1.       

FUNCTION WORD	EXPLAIN	EXAMPLE
MODALITY	The category through which speakers convey their attitude toward the truth of their assertions or express obligation, permission or suggetions	You shoud see a dentist (suggestion) Amir must go with him tomorrow (obligation)
REFERENCE	A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object	The man visited her yesterday. A man visited her yesterday.
DEIXIS	Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extra linguistic context of the utterance	I(speaker) am going to the movies. Would you(listener) like to have dinner?

2.       

Synonym : the meanings are same but the words	Homonym: one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meaning
Reference: reaction between objects in which one object designates or acts as means by which to connect to or link to, another object	Referent: the concrete object or concept that is designated by a word or expression
Predicator: the verb in its functional relation to the clause. It is comparable to the grammatical relations of subject and object.	Predicate: any word (or sequence of words) which (in a given single sense) can function as the predicator of a sentence.

3.      Sentences  may  be  classified  according  to structure such as simple,    compound,   complex,   and compound-complex    sentence, compound-complex or  according  to  meaning A   compound-complex   sentence   consists   of   a the declarative,  imperative,  interrogative,  and compound   sentence   (one   with   two   or   more exclamatory. These classifications are discussed independent clauses) and at least one dependent in the following paragraphs.

4.      Paraphrase

a.       My brother is actually clever.

-          My brother is smart actually.

-          May be my brother is lazy, but he is smart actually

b.      To say is easy.

-          To talk is easy.

-          To speak is easy.

c.       My father is fond smoking.

-          My father is delight smoking.

-          Smoking is fonded by my father.

-          Smoking is delighted by my father.

5.      Ambiguous

a.       Hilda doesn’t like her dentist, and neither does Julie.

“like” can has meaning as a dentist or hate the dentist.

b.      He waited at the bank.

“bank” can has meaning place for save our money or side of the river.

c.       The long drill was boring.

“drill” can has meaning toll for make a hole in the land or wood, and also has meaning rehearsal.

6.      - A semantic role is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause.

-          Semantic role is the actual role a participant plays in some real or imagined situation, apart from the linguistic encoding of those situations.

Example: Papa hit bill – bill was hit by Jack.